Ming dynasty
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Haijin
Isolationist policy in early modern China
The Haijin (海禁) or sea ban were a series of related isolationist policies in China restricting private maritime trading and coastal settlement during most of the Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty.
The policy introduced by the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang significantly hampered the growth of China's domestic trade,[1] although the Ming was not able to enforce the policy in full despite official proclamations, and trade continued in forms such as smuggling until the late Ming government opened the port of Yuegang for trade. Initially imposed to deal with Japanesepiracy amid the neutralization of Yuan dynasty partisans, the sea ban was completely counterproductive:[tone] by the 16th century, piracy and smuggling were endemic and mostly consisted of Chinese who had been dispossessed by the policy. China's foreign trade was limited to irregular and expensive tribute missions, and the military pressure from the Mongols after the disastrous Battle of Tumu led to the scrapping of Zheng He's fleets. Piracy dro
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A Few Clumsy Lines: Ramifications of Philosophical Shifts in Neo-Confucian Philosophy to Ming Governance
Abstract
The study of the political forces that shaped the Ming dynasty cannot exist apart from the philosophies which guided the literati of the time. While Neo-Confucianism as an ideology began during the Song dynasty, it did not gain traction until the very end of the Southern Song, and even then it was not until the Yuan that it was adopted as the state’s ideology. That the governing philosophy of the Yuan, whose political legacy the Ming were dedicated to stamping out, should not only persist through the Ming, but that the Hongwu Emperor would adopt such a philosophy as the governing ideology of his new dynasty serves as one of the motivating puzzles behind this analysis. Another task lies with breaking down the false monolith of “Neo-Confucianism” while de-mystifying the thought of philosophers in the tradition. While Neo-Confucianism is often used in the West as a catch-all term for the traditionalist ideologies which persisted in China from the Ming to the fall of
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Nuclear receptor coregulators as a new paradigm for therapeutic targeting
The complex function and regulation of nuclear receptors cannot be fully understood without a thorough knowledge of the receptor-associated coregulators that either enhance (coactivators) or inhibit (corepressors) transcription. While nuclear receptors themselves have garnered much attention as therapeutic targets, the clinical and etiological relevance of the coregulators to human diseases is increasingly recognized. Aberrant expression or function of coactivators and corepressors has been associated with malignant and metabolic disease development. Many of them are key epigenetic regulators and utilize enzymatic activities to modify chromatin through histone acetylation/deacetylation, histone methylation/demethylation or chromatin remodeling. In this review, we showcase and evaluate coregulators--such as SRCs and ANCCA--with the most promising therapeutic potential based on their physiological roles and involvement in various diseases that are revealed thus far. We also describe the structural features
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